Classical Conditioning Research

Ivan Pavlov:


1. He was studying the role of salive in a dog's digestion.


2. He had a dog in an chamber and led him to starvation. He attached a tube into the salivary glands of the dog to measure how many saliva the dog used to digest. Later on the process, he discovered that the dog started salivating even when the meat was not presented.


3. The bell is the conditioned stimulus, the meat is the unconditioned stimulus, and the result was that both stimulus recieved the excat same response from the dog, when paired.


4.Extinction means that is conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are stopped being paired, after a series of trials, the stimulus is forgotten by the animal or human.


5. It means that stiumuli that look alike often recieve the same respone.


6. It is when an animal or human learn to diferenciate between the alike stimulus, he learns to respond and not to respond to certain stimulus.


7. Two limitations are that it was done with dogs, not humans and that the tubes were surgically inserted and may affect the dog's salivation.

8. He Thought that when you pair an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus, both will produce the same response.

John B. Watson:

1. Watson showed "Little Albert" a white rat and at the same time he hit a metal behind the babies head. The metal made an annoying noise so the baby cried. Watson hit the metal every time the rat was shown to the baby. "Little Albert" soon paired the rat with the noise so he cried every time he was shown the rat. Then, he generalized the fear to rats, to any similar objects.

2. Conditioned Stimulus: The rat.
    Unconditioned Stimulus: The noise.
    Conditioned response: Baby crying.

3. Two limitations where that the experiment is considered unethical so it can not be done again. and another one is that the hypothesis was only tested in one child.

4. The law of frequency said that "The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become."

5. The law of recency said that "The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus."

6. The basic assumptions of behaviorism are that our behaviors depend on our environment, all behavior can be reduced to their basic components, and that may species learn in similar ways.

Sources:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-stimulusdiscrimination.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_B._Watson
http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm 

http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html